Recent questions and answers

Do primary or secondary batteries last longer?
Answer : Generally, **secondary batteries** (also called rechargeable batteries) tend to last longer in terms of their **lifetime** compared to **primary batteries** (single-use batteries), but it ... power quickly, rechargeable batteries tend to be more cost-effective and sustainable in the long run....

What is the unique solution to the Laplace equation?
Answer : The Laplace equation is a second-order partial differential equation commonly written as: \[ \nabla^2 \phi = 0 \] where \(\nabla^2\) is the Laplacian operator, and \(\phi ... a boundary value problem with specified boundary conditions, and the uniqueness is guaranteed by the uniqueness theorem....

Is self-inductance independent of current?
Answer : Yes, **self-inductance** is independent of current in an ideal case. Self-inductance (denoted as \( L \)) is a property of an inductor that describes its ability to oppose changes in the ... may vary with current. But for basic and ideal cases, self-inductance is independent of the current....

Why is electric field strength negative?
Answer : The electric field strength itself isn't inherently "negative" or "positive"-it depends on the direction and the nature of the charge creating the field. 1. **Direction of Electric Field**: ... . - **Negative charge** → Electric field points inward (negative direction). Does that make sense?...

What is 1 ohm in SI units?
Answer : 1 ohm (Ω) is the unit of electrical resistance in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as the resistance between two points when a constant potential difference of 1 volt (V) ... is the resistance that allows 1 amp of current to flow when 1 volt of potential difference is applied....

What is the unit of reactive power?
Answer : The unit of reactive power is **Volt-Ampere Reactive (VAR)**. Reactive power is the power that oscillates between the source and the load without being consumed, typically caused by inductive or ... and it doesn't perform actual work, but is necessary for the functioning of AC power systems....

What is the range of bandpass filter?
Answer : The range of a bandpass filter refers to the range of frequencies that the filter allows to pass through while attenuating frequencies outside this range. Essentially, it is the frequency band where ... allow frequencies between 100 Hz and 1000 Hz to pass and block frequencies outside this range....

What happens if you charge a battery with too much voltage?
Answer : Charging a battery with too much voltage can be dangerous and can cause serious damage to the battery. Here's what happens: 1. **Overheating**: When you charge a battery with too ... ensure the battery is charged correctly. Always use the recommended charging voltage for your specific battery type....

Why silicon steel is used to reduce hysteresis loss?
Answer : Silicon steel, often called "electrical steel," is used in electrical applications like transformers, motors, and generators to reduce hysteresis loss due to its unique properties. Here' ... make it ideal for applications involving alternating magnetic fields, like transformers and electric motors....

State Fleming’s right-hand rule.
Answer : Fleming's right-hand rule is used to determine the direction of motion (force) in a generator, based on the interaction between magnetic fields and conductors. It helps to predict the direction ... the above directions, the second finger shows the direction of the induced current in the conductor....

How is ammeter useful?
Answer : An ammeter is a tool used to measure the current (the flow of electric charge) in a circuit. It helps us understand how much electricity is flowing through a part of a circuit at any given ... has to be connected in series with the circuit, meaning the current must pass through it for measurement....

Where is a thermocouple used?
Answer : A thermocouple is used to measure temperature in a wide variety of applications. It's a device made of two different types of metal that generate a voltage when heated, which can be used ... thermocouples are popular because they are inexpensive, reliable, and can work over a wide temperature range....

Why AC is transmitted not DC?
Answer : AC (Alternating Current) is used for electricity transmission instead of DC (Direct Current) mainly because of the following reasons: ### 1. **Easier to Step Up and Step Down Voltage** ... effective to transform to high voltages, reducing energy loss, and it's simpler to generate and distribute....

What is a programmable automation controller (PAC)?
Answer : A **Programmable Automation Controller (PAC)** is a type of industrial control system used to automate processes in manufacturing and other industrial settings. It's similar to a ** ... PLC, offering greater flexibility, processing power, and the ability to handle complex industrial processes....

What are the 5 main characteristics of light?
Answer : The five main characteristics of light are: 1. **Speed**: Light travels incredibly fast. In a vacuum, its speed is approximately 300,000 kilometers per second (or 186,000 miles per ... explain how light interacts with different materials and environments, allowing us to see the world around us....

How do you analyze UPS energy consumption?
Answer : Analyzing UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) energy consumption involves measuring and understanding how much energy the UPS uses to operate, both during normal operation and while providing backup ... tools and understanding the UPS's specifications can help optimize energy consumption and cost....

How does a phase-locked loop (PLL) maintain synchronization?
Answer : A Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) is an electronic system used to synchronize the phase of an output signal with a reference signal. It works by continuously adjusting the output signal to stay in phase ... . As a result, the PLL ensures that the output signal remains synchronized with the reference signal....

What is the SI unit of galvanometer constant?
Answer : The SI unit of the **galvanometer constant** is **ampere per unit deflection (A/deflection)**. The galvanometer constant (also known as the **current sensitivity**) represents how much the galvanometer's ... means that for every 1 ampere of current, the needle will deflect by 1 unit of the scale....

What is the unit of energy in the SI system?
Answer : In the SI (International System of Units), the unit of energy is the **joule (J)**. One joule is defined as the amount of energy transferred when a force of one newton is applied over a distance of one ... v \) is velocity). So, the joule (J) is the standard unit of energy in the SI system....

What is the purpose of a load bank in electrical system testing and commissioning?
Answer : A **load bank** is used in electrical system testing and commissioning to simulate real electrical loads for the purpose of testing and validating the performance of power systems, such as ... testing**, giving engineers confidence that everything will function properly when it's actually needed....

What causes slew rate?
Answer : The slew rate refers to the maximum rate at which a signal can change over time. It's typically used in the context of electronic devices, like amplifiers, to describe how quickly the output ... transistors and capacitors), as well as external factors like the power supply and the circuit design....

What is called bipolar?
Answer : "Bipolar" refers to something that has two opposite or contrasting parts. In different contexts, it can have different meanings. Here are a few common uses: 1. **In Electronics**: A bipolar device ( ... and south pole, and you could describe it as bipolar. So, the meaning depends on the context!...

What is the difference between a voltage follower and a buffer amplifier?
Answer : A **voltage follower** and a **buffer amplifier** essentially refer to the same type of circuit, but the terminology might be used in different contexts. Here's a breakdown: ### Voltage ... can think of all voltage followers as buffer amplifiers, but not all buffer amplifiers are voltage followers....

What is the principle of inductor?
Answer : The principle of an inductor is based on **electromagnetic induction**. Here's a simple breakdown of how it works: 1. **Magnetic Field Creation**: When electric current flows through a wire, it ... . That's why inductors are often used in circuits to smooth out current changes or filter signals!...

How does a voltage balance relay detect broken conductor faults?
Answer : A voltage balance relay detects broken conductor faults by monitoring the voltage difference between two or more conductors in a system. Here's a simplified explanation: 1. **Normal ... crucial to detect broken or disconnected conductors quickly to avoid equipment damage or unsafe conditions....

List various losses occurring in synchronous motor.
Answer : In a synchronous motor, various types of losses occur during its operation. These losses are responsible for reducing the overall efficiency of the motor. Here's a breakdown of the different ... reduction in a synchronous motor, and reducing them is crucial for improving the motor's performance....

What is the purpose of a current conveyor?
Answer : A **current conveyor** is an electronic device that is used to transfer electrical current from one part of a circuit to another while maintaining certain properties like voltage or current ... transfer current, process analog signals, and match impedances in high-speed and complex circuit designs....

How is the efficiency of a transformer calculated?
Answer : The efficiency of a transformer is a measure of how well it converts electrical power from the primary side (input) to the secondary side (output) without losing too much energy. It is ... given values of power output and input to calculate how efficient the transformer is in transferring energy....

What is a pull-down resistor?
Answer : A **pull-down resistor** is a resistor connected between a signal line and ground (0V) to ensure that the signal line defaults to a low voltage (logic 0) when it is not actively driven ... at a stable, low state (ground) when it is not actively driven, preventing unreliable or fluctuating behavior....

What are the advantages of Thevenin's theorem?
Answer : Thevenin's Theorem simplifies complex circuits, making it easier to analyze and solve electrical problems. Here are the key advantages of using Thevenin's Theorem: ### 1. **Simplification of Complex ... circuits, which makes it easier to calculate voltage, current, and power in a given load....

What is the formula of e0?
Answer : The symbol \( \varepsilon_0 \) (epsilon nought) represents the **permittivity of free space** (also called the **vacuum permittivity**), which is a physical constant that describes how ... electromagnetism, particularly in the equations for electric fields and forces, like **Coulomb's law**....

How does a resonant LLC converter operate?
Answer : A resonant LLC converter is a type of DC-DC power converter that uses resonance between inductors and capacitors to transfer energy efficiently with reduced switching losses. It's widely used ... this design allows for high efficiency and good performance across varying loads and input voltages....

What is the basic principle behind a switch-mode power supply (SMPS)?
Answer : A **Switch-Mode Power Supply (SMPS)** works on the basic principle of converting electrical energy from one form to another efficiently by rapidly switching the input power on and off, and ... storing energy, and regulating the output, leading to smaller, lighter, and more efficient power supplies....

What are fringes in a double-slit?
Answer : A voltage balance relay detects broken conductor faults by comparing the voltages between different conductors in a system. Here's how it works: ### 1. **Normal Condition:** In a balanced system ... conductors and identifying when the system becomes unbalanced due to a fault, such as a broken wire....

Why buck-boost converter is used in electric vehicles?
Answer : A buck-boost converter is used in electric vehicles (EVs) to efficiently manage the voltage levels between the battery and the electric motor or other components. It's essential because ... consistent voltage for the motor and other systems regardless of battery charge or operating conditions....

What is the function of the impedance?
Answer : Impedance is a measure of how much a circuit resists the flow of alternating current (AC). It's similar to resistance, but while resistance applies to direct current (DC) only, impedance is ... the various components of the circuit, depending on their values and the frequency of the applied voltage....

Who is the father of gauss law?
Answer : The father of Gauss's Law is **Carl Friedrich Gauss**, a German mathematician and physicist. Gauss formulated this law in the 19th century, and it is one of the fundamental laws of ... it generates. It is a key part of Maxwell's equations, which govern all classical electromagnetic phenomena....

What is the difference between open-loop and closed-loop gain?
Answer : The terms **open-loop gain** and **closed-loop gain** are used to describe the gain behavior of amplifiers, and they are especially important in control systems and electronics. Here's a simple ... ). - **Closed-loop gain** is the controlled amplification with feedback (stable and typically lower)....

What is meant by 1 ampere?
Answer : 1 ampere (A) is the unit of electric current. It represents the flow of electric charge through a conductor (like a wire) in one second. To put it simply, if you imagine a flow of tiny ... , you are getting a steady flow of electrical energy that can power things like small devices or light bulbs....

What is the symbol of current?
Answer : The symbol for electric current is **I**. It comes from the French word "intensité de courant," which means "intensity of current." So when you see **I** in electrical equations or diagrams, it represents the flow of electric charge through a conductor....

What is the Gauss Green theorem?
Answer : The **Gauss-Green Theorem** (also known as **Green's Theorem**) is a fundamental result in vector calculus that relates a **line integral** around a simple, closed curve to a ** ... convert a complicated integral around a curve into a potentially simpler integral over the region inside the curve....

How is Hall voltage produced?
Answer : Hall voltage is produced when an electric current flows through a conductor or semiconductor that is placed in a magnetic field. Here's a simple breakdown of how it happens: 1. **Current Flow ... voltage across it. This effect is used in devices like Hall effect sensors to measure magnetic fields....

What is the top 1 salary in India?
Answer : In India, individuals in the top 1% income bracket earn significantly more than the average citizen. According to a report by the World Inequality Lab, the top 1% of earners in India have an ... , and individual earnings can vary widely based on factors such as industry, experience, and location....

What are the principles of three-phase synchronous motor?
Answer : A three-phase synchronous motor operates on the principle of electromagnetism and the interaction between a rotating magnetic field and a rotor. Here's a breakdown of its key principles: ... motors work in various applications like power generation, pumps, compressors, and industrial machinery....

What are two types of batteries?
Answer : Two common types of batteries are: 1. **Alkaline Batteries**: These are the most commonly used batteries, found in devices like remote controls, flashlights, and toys. They are known for ... . They are lighter and more efficient compared to alkaline batteries, but they are also more expensive....

What is the difference between hysteresis and eddy current loss?
Answer : The terms **hysteresis loss** and **eddy current loss** both refer to types of energy losses that occur in magnetic materials, but they are caused by different physical phenomena. ... contribute to the overall energy losses in electrical machines, but they arise from different physical mechanisms....

How does a sample-and-hold amplifier work in data acquisition?
Answer : A sample-and-hold amplifier (S/H) is a crucial component in data acquisition systems. It captures an analog voltage signal at a specific point in time and holds (or "freezes") that value ... for the ADC to convert it, ensuring accurate data capture in systems that need to process varying signals....

What is Gauss theorem class 12?
Answer : Gauss's Theorem, also known as Gauss's Law, is a fundamental law in electrostatics that relates the electric field around a charged object to the charge enclosed by a surface. ... fields without needing to deal with complicated integrals, especially when dealing with symmetric charge distributions....

What is the formula of gauss law in vector form?
Answer : The formula of Gauss's Law in vector form is: \[ \oint_S \mathbf{E} \cdot d\mathbf{A} = \frac{Q_{\text{enc}}}{\varepsilon_0} \] Where: - \(\oint_S\) represents the ... Gauss's Law states that the electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the charge enclosed within the surface....

What is the relationship between E and B field?
Answer : The electric field (**E**) and magnetic field (**B**) are closely related in the context of electromagnetism, which is described by **Maxwell's equations**. Here's ... interdependencies are key to understanding electromagnetism, including how light (an electromagnetic wave) travels through space....