What is the difference between a fundamental quantity and a derived quantity? Provide two examples of each.
Answer : ### The Core Difference In simple terms, **fundamental quantities** are the basic building blocks of measurement. They are independent of each other and cannot be expressed in terms of other physical quantities. Think of them as the ... ** ($m^2$), **Speed** (m/s), **Force** (Newton or kg·m/s²) |...

Define a "physical quantity."
Answer : ### Core Definition A **physical quantity** is a property of a material, system, or phenomenon that can be quantified by measurement. In simpler terms, it is any feature of the universe ... that tell us how these words relate to one another to describe the universe accurately and predictably....

What are the full forms of EQ, IQ and SQ ?
Answer : Ans: The full forms of EQ, IQ and SQ are as follows: IQ - Intelligence Quotient EQ - Emotional Quotient SQ - Situational Intelligence Quotient...

Show that the points (8, 1) (3,-4) and (2,-5) are collinear using determinant.
Answer : ### **The Principle** Three points, (x₁, y₁), (x₂, y₂), and (x₃, y₃), are **collinear** (lie on the same straight line) if and only if the area of the triangle they form is zero. ... points do not form a triangle and must lie on the same straight line. Therefore, the points **are collinear**....

Evaluate log3 81
Answer : ### **Step-by-Step Solution** #### Step 1: Set up the equation Let's set the expression equal to a variable, like `x`. `log₃ 81 = x` Our goal is to find the value of `x`. #### Step 2: Convert the logarithm ... 3⁴ = 81`, we can substitute 4 back in for `x`. `x = 4` Therefore: **log₃ 81 = 4**...

Torque equation and generated emf in rotor of single phase induction motor.
Answer : The analysis of a single-phase induction motor is fascinating because, unlike its three-phase counterpart, it is not self-starting. The key to understanding its torque and EMF lies in the **Double ... is zero. Once the motor starts rotating (slip decreases from 1), a positive net torque develops....

With a neat diagram explain solar photovoltaic power plant.
Answer : Diagram of solar photovoltaic power plant : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=4390643679587391452 Explanation: Solar power plant consists of following components: 1. ... 5. Step-up transformer: It step-up input voltage to utilization voltage e.g. 230V ...

With a neat diagram explain medium head hydro-electric power plants.
Answer : ### **Medium-Head Hydro-Electric Power Plant** A medium-head hydro-electric power plant operates with a "head" (the vertical distance the water falls) typically ranging from **30 meters to 300 meters* ... **Tailrace:** The channel that carries water away from the powerhouse and back to the river....

Draw the schematic arrangement for a gas power plant.
Answer : Schematic arrangement for a gas power plant Simple Systems:- ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=2410677951309365900...

Explain the choice of size and number of generator units in a power plant.
Answer : --- ### The Fundamental Trade-Off At its core, the decision boils down to a trade-off between two main approaches: 1. **A Few Large Units:** This approach leverages **economies ... designed with multiple, fast-ramping units to complement the variability of wind and solar power on the grid....

Explain Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG) and also draw a diagram.
Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=15646281222121025403 Explanation (Operation):-  In this system gearbox is used to increase the speed of high speed ... , variable voltage output of the generator into the fixed frequency, fixed voltage output required for grid....

Draw and explain fixed dome type biogas plant.
Answer : **Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant**, also commonly known as the **Janta model** (in India) or the **Chinese model**. ### Diagram of a Fixed Dome Biogas Plant This diagram shows a cross-section of the ... . | **Gas Storage is Limited:** The volume of the dome limits how much gas can be stored. |...

With a neat diagram explain pelton wheel turbine.
Answer : ### **Introduction** The **Pelton wheel** or **Pelton turbine** is a type of **impulse turbine** used in hydroelectric power plants. It is a tangential flow turbine, meaning ... hydroelectric power plants situated in mountainous regions where a large difference in water level (head) is available....

Compare base load plant with peak load plant.
Answer : ### Core Concept: The Electricity Demand Curve To understand the difference, you first need to visualize how we use electricity. Our demand for power is not constant; it fluctuates throughout ... to create a reliable and economically viable power grid that can meet our fluctuating energy needs....

Give the four advantages of vertical axis wind mills.
Answer : While less common than their horizontal-axis counterparts, Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) offer four distinct advantages, particularly in specific environments. Here are the four main advantages of vertical axis ... of the next. This allows for a much higher power output per unit of land....

What is a meaning of load duration curve.
Answer : ### What is a Load Duration Curve? A **Load Duration Curve (LDC)** is a graph used in electrical power engineering to illustrate the relationship between power demand (load) and the amount ... operating a power grid. [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=787797341119232221...

Explain the concept of following terms : (i) Connected load (ii) Maximum demand
Answer : --- ### (i) Connected Load #### Definition **Connected Load** is the sum of the power ratings (in Watts or Kilowatts) of all electrical appliances and equipment installed in a consumer's ... infrastructure (wires, breakers). | **Billing & Grid Management** (demand charges, capacity planning). |...

Why concentrating collectors are used in solar power plant.
Answer : Because of following advantages concentrating type collector are used in solar power plant: - 1. Temperature: Temperature obtained is high because absorber area is less and collector/reflector area is ... results: As tracking system is used better results are obtain than flat type collector. ...

Enlist the nuclear fuels.
Answer : Nuclear fuels are materials that can be used to produce energy via nuclear fission. They are typically categorized into two main groups: **fissile** materials, which can sustain a nuclear chain ... the Deuterium-Tritium (D-T) reaction, though this technology is still in the experimental stage....

Describe the term 'Nuclear shielding' in Nuclear Power Plant.
Answer : --- ### **Nuclear Shielding in a Nuclear Power Plant** In a nuclear power plant, **Nuclear Shielding** refers to the use of specific materials and structures designed to absorb or block ... , making it possible to operate a nuclear reactor safely and protect workers and the public from harm....

List the types of turbine used in hydro power plant.
Answer : The selection of a specific turbine for a hydropower plant depends primarily on two factors: * **Water Head:** The vertical distance the water falls from the reservoir to the turbine. * **Flow Rate:** ... | Very Low (2-20m)| High to Very High| Generator and turbine in a submerged pod. |...

Classify the hydro-electric plants according to the head and load basis.
Answer : Hydro-electric plants are classified based on several criteria, with the available **water head** and their **role in the electrical grid (load)** being two of the most important. Here is a detailed ... **high-head plant** could be a traditional power plant or a **pumped-storage peaking plant**....

Compare the casing / capping system of electrical wiring to concealed system of electrical wiring. On the basis of look, cost, life, safety retentivity of material and suitability for locations.
Answer : This comparison covers two of the most common methods for electrical wiring in buildings. Here is a detailed comparison of the Casing/Capping system and the Concealed Conduit system based on your ... and safety to the property. It is the standard for modern residential and commercial construction....

State two insulators of following types along with their areas of application: (i) Class A (ii) Class E (iii) Class H
Answer : Here are two examples of insulating materials for each specified class, along with their areas of application. These insulation classes are defined by their maximum allowable operating temperature, ... traction motors (used in trains), which operate under severe thermal and mechanical stress....

Explain the reasons for failure of gaseous and solid dielectric materials used in electrical engineering application.
Answer : ### **Introduction to Dielectric Failure** A dielectric material is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. Its primary function in electrical engineering is to ... Often a slow, aging-related process - Highly sensitive to impurities, voids, and moisture |...

State the properties of copper and aluminium which make them good conductors of electricity.
Answer : ### 1. Presence of Delocalized Valence Electrons This is the most fundamental reason. * **What it is:** In metallic bonding, the outermost electrons (valence electrons) of the ... density and lower cost make it a vital material for specific applications like long-distance power transmission....

Describe with sketches the process of laying of underground cables by the drawing in method.
Answer : ### **The "Drawing In" Method for Laying Underground Cables** This method involves first installing a system of pipes or conduits (called ducts) underground. The cables are then pulled, or " ... duct system. However, this is often offset by the long-term flexibility and protection it provides....

Explain the phenomenon of loss of magnetism.
Answer : ### The Short Answer Loss of magnetism, also known as **demagnetization**, is the process where a magnetic material loses its magnetic properties. This happens when the microscopic "mini-magnets" inside the material, ... 's own stray field. | A structure slowly eroding due to wind and rain. |...

Explain with justification two uses of each of two following as an electrical conductor: (i) Brass (ii) Silver
Answer : ### (i) Brass Brass is an alloy primarily made of copper and zinc. While it is a good electrical conductor, it is not as conductive as pure copper. Its usefulness comes from a ... silver (lowest possible signal loss) while keeping the cost much lower than using a solid silver conductor....

Explain the use of the following components in electrical wiring system and give specification of each: (i) MCB (ii) ELCB
Answer : ### Introduction In any modern electrical wiring system, safety and protection are paramount. Devices like MCBs and ELCBs are critical safety components installed in a consumer unit (also known as a ... (lighting, sockets, etc.) | Protecting a group of circuits or an entire installation |...

Explain the uses of safety rubber hand gloves and rubber mats in electrical engineering.
Answer : In electrical engineering, safety is paramount. Two of the most fundamental and critical pieces of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are **safety rubber hand gloves** and **insulating rubber ... environment and preventing a worker's body from becoming the path of least resistance for electricity....

Describe with reasons the failure of porcelain insulators.
Answer : ### **Introduction: The Role of Porcelain Insulators** Porcelain insulators are a critical component in electrical power systems. Their primary functions are twofold: 1. **Electrical Insulation: ... , and maintenance strategies (like insulator washing) to ensure the reliability of the power grid....

Explain the use of following tools in carrying out electrical wiring installation: (i) Nose pliers (ii) Test lamps (iii) Crimping tools (iv) Cutter.
Answer : General Introduction In electrical wiring, using the correct tool for the job is not just about efficiency; it is a fundamental requirement for safety and the quality of the finished installation. A poor ... Do not use them to cut steel wire or screws, as this will damage the cutting edges....

Explain the process and need of crimping of cable joints.
Answer : ### Introduction: What is Crimping? At its core, **crimping** is a process used to join a wire (conductor) to a metal terminal or connector (like a lug, spade, or pin). It involves ... is identical and reliable. | A ratcheting tool ensures the same, correct pressure is applied every single time. |...

Given n resistors each of resistance R, how will you combine them to get the (i) maximum (ii) minimum effective resistance? What is the ratio of the maximum to minimum resistance?
Answer : The two fundamental ways to combine resistors are in **series** and in **parallel**. These two configurations yield the maximum and minimum possible resistances, respectively. --- ### (i) Maximum Effective Resistance To obtain the * ... {min} = R/n$ | | **Ratio** | $R_{max} / R_{min}$ | $n^2$ |...

A high tension (HT) supply of, say, 6 kV must have a very large internal resistance. Why?
Answer : The primary reason is **safety and current limiting**. Let's use Ohm's Law ($V = IR$) to understand this. A power supply can be modeled as an ideal voltage source ($V_s$) in series ... HT supply for **power transmission** has a very low internal resistance for **efficiency and power delivery**....

A low voltage supply from which one needs high currents must have very low internal resistance. Why?
Answer : ### The Simple Analogy: A Water Pipe Imagine your power supply is a large water tank (representing the voltage) and you need to get a high flow of water (high current) out of a pipe at ... extremely small, this will generate a massive amount of heat, which can damage or destroy the power supply....

Is ohm’s law universally applicable for all conducting elements? If not, give examples of elements which do not obey Ohm’s law.
Answer : The answer is no, **Ohm's law is not universally applicable for all conducting elements.** Ohm's law is an empirical rule, not a fundamental law of nature. It accurately describes the ... under stable conditions, but it is far from a universal law for all materials that conduct electricity....

A steady current flow in a metallic conductor of non-uniform crosssection. Which of these quantities is constant along the conductor: current, current density, electric field, drift speed?
Answer : Here is a detailed explanation for each quantity: ### 1. Current (I) * **Why it's constant:** The term "steady current" implies that the rate of flow of charge ($I = dQ/dt$) is constant. Due to the ... ($v_d$)** | Not Constant | $v_d = I/(nAe)$. Since A is not constant, $v_d$ is not constant. |...

Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 Ohm are joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 Ohm . What is the current drawn from the supply and its terminal voltage?
Answer : ### Given Data: * Number of cells, **n = 6** * EMF of each cell, **E_cell = 2.0 V** * Internal resistance of each cell, **r_cell = 0.015 Ω** * External resistance (load), **R = 8.5 Ω ... The current drawn from the supply is **1.40 A**. * The terminal voltage of the supply is **11.9 V**....

A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ohm is being charged by a 120 V DC supply using a series resistor of 15.5 Ohm . What is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging? What is the purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit?
Answer : ### Given Data: * Electromotive force (emf) of the battery, $E = 8.0 \text{ V}$ * Internal resistance of the battery, $r = 0.5 \text{ } \Omega$ * DC supply voltage, $V_{supply} = ... to a much safer and more manageable **7.0 A**, protecting both the battery and the power supply from damage....

A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 Ohm at 27.5 degree C , and a resistance of 2.7 Ohm at 100 degree C . Determine the temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver.
Answer : ### 1. Understand the Principle The relationship between resistance and temperature for most metals (like silver) over a moderate temperature range is approximately linear and can be described by the formula: $R_2 = ... 00394 °C⁻¹** Alternatively, in scientific notation: **α = 3.94 x 10⁻³ °C⁻¹**...

Three resistors 1 Ohm , 2 Ohm and 3 Ohm are combined in series. What is the total resistance of the combination?
Answer : When resistors are combined in series, the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances. The formula is: R_total = R1 + R2 + R3 Given the values: * R1 = 1 Ω * R2 = 2 Ω * R3 = 3 Ω ... = 1 Ω + 2 Ω + 3 Ω = 6 Ω So, the total resistance of the combination is **6 Ohms**....