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What is the difference between AC (Alternating Current) and DC (Direct Current)?
Answer : Direct Current (DC): The flow of electric charge is in one constant direction. Sources include batteries, solar cells, and DC power supplies. It is mainly used in electronics, charging, ... because it can be easily transformed to higher or lower voltages using transformers, reducing energy loss....

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What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources, and why is the shift toward renewables important for sustainability?
Answer : Renewable resources are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass energy. Non-renewable resources like coal, oil, and natural gas are finite ... that future generations have access to reliable energy sources without depleting the planet's natural reserves....

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A steady current flow in a metallic conductor of non-uniform crosssection. Which of these quantities is constant along the conductor: current, current density, electric field, drift speed?
Answer : Here is a detailed explanation for each quantity: ### 1. Current (I) * **Why it's constant:** The term "steady current" implies that the rate of flow of charge ($I = dQ/dt$) is constant. Due to the ... ($v_d$)** | Not Constant | $v_d = I/(nAe)$. Since A is not constant, $v_d$ is not constant. |...

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What are ohmic and non-ohmic resistors? Give one example of each?
Answer : **Ohm's Law** states that the voltage ($V$) across a conductor is directly proportional to the current ($I$) flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperature remain constant. Mathematically, ... | **Carbon Resistor**, Nichrome Wire | **Filament Light Bulb**, Diode, Thermistor |...

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Given n resistors each of resistance R, how will you combine them to get the (i) maximum (ii) minimum effective resistance? What is the ratio of the maximum to minimum resistance?
Answer : The two fundamental ways to combine resistors are in **series** and in **parallel**. These two configurations yield the maximum and minimum possible resistances, respectively. --- ### (i) Maximum Effective Resistance To obtain the * ... {min} = R/n$ | | **Ratio** | $R_{max} / R_{min}$ | $n^2$ |...

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A high tension (HT) supply of, say, 6 kV must have a very large internal resistance. Why?
Answer : The primary reason is **safety and current limiting**. Let's use Ohm's Law ($V = IR$) to understand this. A power supply can be modeled as an ideal voltage source ($V_s$) in series ... HT supply for **power transmission** has a very low internal resistance for **efficiency and power delivery**....

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A low voltage supply from which one needs high currents must have very low internal resistance. Why?
Answer : ### The Simple Analogy: A Water Pipe Imagine your power supply is a large water tank (representing the voltage) and you need to get a high flow of water (high current) out of a pipe at ... extremely small, this will generate a massive amount of heat, which can damage or destroy the power supply....

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Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 Ohm are joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 Ohm . What is the current drawn from the supply and its terminal voltage?
Answer : ### Given Data: * Number of cells, **n = 6** * EMF of each cell, **E_cell = 2.0 V** * Internal resistance of each cell, **r_cell = 0.015 Ω** * External resistance (load), **R = 8.5 Ω ... The current drawn from the supply is **1.40 A**. * The terminal voltage of the supply is **11.9 V**....

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A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ohm is being charged by a 120 V DC supply using a series resistor of 15.5 Ohm . What is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging? What is the purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit?
Answer : ### Given Data: * Electromotive force (emf) of the battery, $E = 8.0 \text{ V}$ * Internal resistance of the battery, $r = 0.5 \text{ } \Omega$ * DC supply voltage, $V_{supply} = ... to a much safer and more manageable **7.0 A**, protecting both the battery and the power supply from damage....

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A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 Ohm at 27.5 degree C , and a resistance of 2.7 Ohm at 100 degree C . Determine the temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver.
Answer : ### 1. Understand the Principle The relationship between resistance and temperature for most metals (like silver) over a moderate temperature range is approximately linear and can be described by the formula: $R_2 = ... 00394 °C⁻¹** Alternatively, in scientific notation: **α = 3.94 x 10⁻³ °C⁻¹**...

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Three resistors 1 Ohm , 2 Ohm and 3 Ohm are combined in series. What is the total resistance of the combination?
Answer : When resistors are combined in series, the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances. The formula is: R_total = R1 + R2 + R3 Given the values: * R1 = 1 Ω * R2 = 2 Ω * R3 = 3 Ω ... = 1 Ω + 2 Ω + 3 Ω = 6 Ω So, the total resistance of the combination is **6 Ohms**....

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A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 Ohm is connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5 A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is closed?
Answer : ### Given Information: * **EMF of the battery (E):** 10 V * **Internal resistance (r):** 3 Ω * **Current in the circuit (I):** 0.5 A --- ### 1. What is the resistance of the ... text{V}$ Both methods give the same result. **Answer:** The terminal voltage of the battery is **8.5 V**....

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Three identical cells, each of emf. 2V and unknown internal resistance are connected in parallel. This combination is connected to a 5 ohm resistor. If the terminal voltage across the cell is 1.5 volt. What is the internal resistance of each cell? Hence define the internal resistance of a cell?
Answer : ### Part 1: Calculating the Internal Resistance Here's how we can find the internal resistance of each cell. **Given Data:** * Electromotive force (EMF) of each cell, E = 2 V * Number of identical cells ... . * **I** is the current flowing from the cell. * **r** is the internal resistance....

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A cylindrical wire is stretched to increase its length by 10% calculate the percentage increase in resistance?
Answer : The percentage increase in resistance is **21%**. Here is the step-by-step calculation and explanation: ### The Key Concepts 1. **Resistance Formula:** The resistance (R) of a wire is given by: $R = \ ... R_1}{R_1} \times 100\%$ $\text{Percentage Increase} = 0.21 \times 100\% = \bf{21\%}$...

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Find the value of unknown resistance X in the circuit shown in the figure if no current flows through the section AO. Also calculate the current drawn by the circuit from the battery of emf. 6V ... resistance. ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=394010198424626099
Answer : ### Part 1: Finding the value of the unknown resistance X The problem states that no current flows through the section AO. Let's label the central junction point as 'O'. 1. **Identify the Principle:** The ... resistance **X is 6Ω**. * The current drawn by the circuit from the battery is **1A**....

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A battery of emf E and internal resistance r sends a current, I1 , I2 when connected to an external resistance of R1 , R2 respectively. Find the emf. and internal resistance of the battery.
Answer : Let's derive the expressions for the electromotive force (EMF) and the internal resistance of the battery step-by-step. ### Understanding the Setup The core principle we'll use is Ohm's law applied to the entire circuit. For a ... $$ **EMF (E):** $$ E = \frac{I_1 I_2 (R_1 - R_2)}{I_2 - I_1} $$...

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State why the resistance of the conductor increases with the rise in temperature.
Answer : Here is a clear explanation of why the resistance of a conductor increases with a rise in temperature, broken down into a simple analogy and the underlying physics. --- ### Simple Analogy: The ... More collisions** mean more opposition to the flow, which is, by definition, **higher resistance**....

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Explain with the help of a circuit diagram, how the value of an unknown resistance can be determined using a Wheatstone bridge?
Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=407323477172242274 ### **Introduction** A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used for the precise measurement of an ... (R₃) at the balance point has been recorded, the unknown resistance Rₓ can be calculated precisely....

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What happens to the resistance of the wire when its length is increased to twice its original length?
Answer : This gets to the core of how resistance works. The short and direct answer is: **The resistance of the wire will double.** Here's a more detailed explanation of why. ### 1. The Simple Explanation (Analogy) Think of the wire ... (x2) | Halves (x0.5) | **Quadruples (x4)** |...

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The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12V . If the internal resistance of the battery is 0.4 Ohm , what is the maximum current that can be drawn from the battery?
Answer : The maximum current that can be drawn from the battery is **30 Amperes (A)**. --- ### Detailed Explanation #### 1. Understand the Concepts * **EMF (Electromotive Force, $\mathcal{E ... even explode. This calculation is a theoretical maximum. **Never attempt to short-circuit a car battery.**...

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A set of n-identical resistors, each of resistance R ohm when connected in series have an effective resistance of X ohm and when the resistors are connected in parallel the effective resistance is Y ohm. Find the relation between R , X and Y ?
Answer : Let's break this down step-by-step to find the relationship between R, X, and Y. ### 1. Resistors in Series When resistors are connected in series, their total effective resistance is the sum of ... the **geometric mean** of the total series resistance (X) and the total parallel resistance (Y)....

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Two electric bulbs A and B are marked 220V , 40W and 220V 60W respectively. Which one has a higher resistance?
Answer : **The 40W bulb (Bulb A) has a higher resistance.** Here's the detailed explanation of why: ### The Relationship The relationship between Power (P), Voltage (V), and Resistance (R) is given by ... to get more water through a pipe; you need a wider pipe (less resistance) to increase the flow rate....

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Name any one material having a small value of temperature coefficient of resistance. Write one use of this material?
Answer : **Material:** **Manganin** (an alloy of copper, manganese, and nickel) **Use:** Due to its very low temperature coefficient of resistance, it is used to make ** ... for electrical measuring instruments like ammeters and Wheatstone bridges, where a stable and predictable resistance is essential....

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![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=16376151831243866731
Answer : To find the equivalent resistance `Rab` between terminals a and b, we need to simplify the given resistor network. This circuit contains a "bridge" configuration that cannot be simplified using only standard series ... 36.25 Ω** The equivalent resistance between terminals a and b is **36.25 Ω**....

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List the factors that affect the resistance of a metallic conductor.
Answer : The resistance of a metallic conductor is determined by four main factors. Here is a list and explanation of each factor: ### 1. Length of the Conductor (L) * **Relationship:** ... (Note: Temperature is not explicitly in this formula, as resistivity (ρ) itself is temperature-dependent.)*...

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What is Electrical Resistance (R)?
Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=10689271726586959346 --- ### **Understanding Electrical Resistance: A Complete Guide** Electrical resistance is a ... physics, allowing for the precise calculation of a component's resistance based on its physical properties....

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Convert the circuit shown in fig. into a single voltage source in series with resistance. ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=17118069873838951895
Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=10997850983763419494 --- ### **Mastering Source Transformation: A Step-by-Step Circuit Simplification Example** Source transformation is a ... **30/31 Ω (or approximately 0.97 Ω) resistor**. **Final Circuit Diagram:** ...

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Using source conversion, convert the given circuit into an equivalent circuit containing a single resistance and voltage source. ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=4024946229561106108
Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=8995260068267182734 --- ### **Mastering Circuit Analysis: A Step-by-Step Guide to Source Transformation** Source ... polarity of voltage sources and the direction of current sources at every step to ensure an accurate result....

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Using source conversion, reduce the circuit shown in the figure into a single voltage source in series with a single resistance. ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=18414686426985693295
Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=9298562401596151803 ### **Source Transformation Explained: A Step-by-Step Circuit Simplification Example** Source ... a resistor is a Norton equivalent circuit. Source transformation is the method to convert between them....

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