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In designing an IoT application, what are the key trade-offs between processing data in the Cloud versus at the Edge, and can you provide a real-world example where each approach is clearly superior? Answer : This question addresses the fundamental architectural choice of "where the thinking happens" in an IoT system. The decision between Cloud and Edge computing directly impacts an application's ... data analytics, and centralized device management. This combination provides the best of both worlds....
Nodal Analysis Example | Electrical Engineering
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Explain with the help of a circuit diagram, how the value of an unknown resistance can be determined using a Wheatstone bridge? Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=407323477172242274 ### **Introduction** A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used for the precise measurement of an ... (R₃) at the balance point has been recorded, the unknown resistance Rₓ can be calculated precisely....
Thevenin's Theorem Problem | Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit | Electrical Engineering
In a Hall Effect experiment, a voltage is measured perpendicular to both the current flow and the magnetic field. What is the physical origin of this "Hall Voltage," and what two crucial properties of a semiconductor material can be determined by measuring it? Answer : The physical origin of the Hall Voltage is the **Lorentz force** acting on charge carriers as they move through a magnetic field. This simple experiment is profoundly important because it ... **carrier concentration `n`**, a fundamental parameter that dictates the material's electrical properties....
Supermesh analysis with dependent current source | Electrical Engineering
With suitable circuit diagram, show how emfs of 2 cells can be compared using a potentiometer? Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=16022041933233000659 ### **Principle of a Potentiometer** A potentiometer works on the principle that the potential drop ... -section. 4. The current in the primary circuit should be kept constant throughout the experiment....
Network Analysis | Circuit Mesh Analysis | Mesh Current Analysis | Mesh Method | KVL
From a physics perspective, what makes a semiconductor like silicon fundamentally different from a conductor like copper or an insulator like glass, and how is this difference exploited to create the essential electronic component, the diode? Answer : The fundamental difference lies in the **electron energy band structure** of the materials, specifically the size of the **band gap**. This unique property of semiconductors allows us to precisely ... and off at will is the foundation of all digital logic and the entire modern electronics industry....
Supernode with three voltage source solved example | Electrical Engineering
Why can a DC motor run on a DC supply, but a transformer will be damaged if connected to the same DC supply? Answer : The reason lies in their fundamentally different operating principles: **Back EMF** in a DC motor versus **Mutual Induction** in a transformer. **1. The DC Motor: Operation via Back EMF** A ... from an AC supply and has no internal mechanism to limit a DC current, leading to its rapid destruction....
Electrical Engineering Facts 30
The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12V . If the internal resistance of the battery is 0.4 Ohm , what is the maximum current that can be drawn from the battery? Answer : The maximum current that can be drawn from the battery is **30 Amperes (A)**. --- ### Detailed Explanation #### 1. Understand the Concepts * **EMF (Electromotive Force, $\mathcal{E ... even explode. This calculation is a theoretical maximum. **Never attempt to short-circuit a car battery.**...
why salt and charcoal are added when creating an electrical earthing pit?
How would you use MATLAB to solve a system of linear equations?
Applications of Dielectric Heating | Electrical Engineering
Two heated wires of the same dimensions are first connected in series and then it’s parallel to a source of supply. What will be the ratio of heat produced in the two cases? Answer : Here is the step-by-step solution: ### The Short Answer The ratio of heat produced in the series case to the parallel case is **1:4**. --- ### Detailed ... proportional to this current, the parallel circuit draws significantly more power and therefore produces significantly more heat....
Ages aptitude 3 | Electrical Engineering
If potential difference V applied across a conductor is increased to 2V , how will the drift velocity of the electron change? Answer : ### Short Answer If the potential difference V applied across a conductor is increased to 2V, the **drift velocity of the electrons will also double**. ### Detailed Explanation Let's ... the electric field, which doubles the force on the electrons, which doubles their average drift velocity....
Linearity Property | Electric Circuits | Problem 4.2 | Electrical Engineering
How does a smart grid differ from a traditional electrical grid in terms of communication and control?
Pure inductance in AC circuit Waveform, Phasor Diagram, Impedance | Electrical Engineering
Why is a 3D CAD model more than just a "digital drawing" when used for engineering simulation, and what key information must be added to this geometric model to perform a meaningful analysis like a stress test? Answer : This question highlights the fundamental difference between defining an object's **form** (CAD) and predicting its **function** (Simulation). While a 3D CAD model is the essential starting point, it ... gradients, enabling them to identify and fix design flaws before a single piece of metal is cut....
Phasors and Sinusoids Problem | Apply phasor analysis to evaluate the following | Electrical Enginee
What is a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS), and why is it frequently used in embedded systems instead of a general-purpose operating system like Linux or Windows? Answer : The answer lies in one critical concept: **determinism**. While a general-purpose OS is designed for high throughput and fairness, an RTOS is designed for predictability and meeting strict timing deadlines. ... system where **failing to complete a task on time is considered a total system failure.**...
Impedance | Series RC Circuit Simple Example | Series Impedance | Electrical Engineering
What is the basic principle behind how a RADAR system detects an object's range and velocity?
Which bulb having higher resistance? | Electrical Engineering
In metrology, what is the fundamental difference between accuracy and precision, and why is it possible—and often dangerous—for a measurement to be highly precise but not accurate? Answer : The fundamental difference is that **accuracy** describes the closeness of a measurement to the true value, while **precision** describes the closeness of repeated measurements to each ... . Understanding that a measurement can be consistently wrong is a foundational principle of metrology....
If n identical resistance, each of resistance R, are connected in parallel, the equivalent resistanc
Describe the role of an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) in an embedded system that measures temperature.
An A.C. generator generating an emf of e = 300 sin(100πt)V is connected to a series combination of
Compare the casing / capping system of electrical wiring to concealed system of electrical wiring. On the basis of look, cost, life, safety retentivity of material and suitability for locations. Answer : This comparison covers two of the most common methods for electrical wiring in buildings. Here is a detailed comparison of the Casing/Capping system and the Concealed Conduit system based on your ... and safety to the property. It is the standard for modern residential and commercial construction....
Bilateral Circuit | What is Bilateral Circuit ? | Network Analysis | Network Theory | Electric Circu
What are the fundamental limitations of traditional "hard-switched" PWM converters, and how do resonant or "soft-switching" techniques like Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) and Zero Current Switching (ZCS) overcome these limitations to achieve higher efficiency and power density? Answer : This question addresses the critical challenge of **switching loss**, the primary barrier to increasing the operating frequency, and therefore the power density, of modern power converters. ** ... state-of-the-art applications like server power supplies, EV chargers, and renewable energy inverters....
Find the log of 32 to the base 4. (Maths) | Electrical Engineering
Given n resistors each of resistance R, how will you combine them to get the (i) maximum (ii) minimum effective resistance? What is the ratio of the maximum to minimum resistance? Answer : The two fundamental ways to combine resistors are in **series** and in **parallel**. These two configurations yield the maximum and minimum possible resistances, respectively. --- ### (i) Maximum Effective Resistance To obtain the * ... {min} = R/n$ | | **Ratio** | $R_{max} / R_{min}$ | $n^2$ |...
Nodal Analysis of Electric Circuits Example 6 | Electrical Engineering
What factors should be considered when estimating the cost of wiring a new residential building?
Electrical Engineering | Electrical Machine | Transformer | MCQ 2 | Electrical Engineering
Two wires A and B are of the same metal and of same length have their areas of cross section in the ratio 2:1 if the same potential difference is applied across each wire in turn, what will be the ratio of current flowing in A & B ? Answer : The ratio of the current flowing in wire A to wire B is **2:1**. --- ### Detailed Explanation Let's break down the problem using the relevant physics principles. #### 1. List the Given ... resistance, which is wire A. Our result confirms this: the current in A is twice the current in B....
Source Transformation | Electric Circuits | Problem 4.22 | Electrical Engineering
Define the transfer function of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system.
Transformers MCQ | Electrical Engineering
What is the role of a FACTS device like a STATCOM in a power transmission system?
Problems on capacitor 2 | Electrical Engineering
Explain the basic components and architecture of a SCADA system.
State eight requirements of an ideal traction system. | Electrical Engineering
What is the primary function of a circuit breaker in an electrical system? Answer : It Cuts the power off in any fault in the circuit such as overloading to protect appliances....
Operational Amplifiers 2 | Electrical Engineering
Describe the function of an inverter in a power electronics system.
emerging trends in electronics mcq | Electrical Engineering
What is the multipath fading problem in wireless communication, and how does the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme elegantly solve this problem, which was a major limitation for previous generations of mobile technology? Answer : This question addresses the single most challenging physical problem in mobile communication and the ingenious solution that underpins virtually all modern broadband wireless standards. --- ### **Part 1: The Problem - Multipath Fading and ... **4G LTE, 5G NR, and modern Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi 4/5/6/7)**....
Octal to Binary conversion Example | Electrical Engineering
If the temperature of a good conductor decreases, how does the relaxation time of electrons in the conductor change? Answer : ### The Short Answer If the temperature of a good conductor decreases, the **relaxation time of electrons increases**. --- ### The Detailed Explanation To understand why, let's break ... **. This is why good conductors become even better conductors (less resistive) at lower temperatures....
How to Solve Nodal Equations in Calculator | Electrical Engineering
How is load flow analysis used in power system planning and operation?
Operating System MCQ | Electrical Engineering
Why is the Fourier Series—the ability to represent a complex periodic function as a sum of simple sine and cosine waves—considered one of the most powerful tools in applied mathematics and engineering? Answer : The power of the Fourier Series lies in its ability to transform a problem from the often-complex **time domain** into the much simpler and more intuitive **frequency domain**. It acts like a ... ) is impossible. The sharp corners, which rely on the highest frequencies, will always get rounded off....
Ohm's law example | Electrical Engineering
Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 Ohm are joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 Ohm . What is the current drawn from the supply and its terminal voltage? Answer : ### Given Data: * Number of cells, **n = 6** * EMF of each cell, **E_cell = 2.0 V** * Internal resistance of each cell, **r_cell = 0.015 Ω** * External resistance (load), **R = 8.5 Ω ... The current drawn from the supply is **1.40 A**. * The terminal voltage of the supply is **11.9 V**....
Superposition Theorem | Electric Circuits | Example 4.3 | Electrical Engineering
A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 Ohm is connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5 A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is closed? Answer : ### Given Information: * **EMF of the battery (E):** 10 V * **Internal resistance (r):** 3 Ω * **Current in the circuit (I):** 0.5 A --- ### 1. What is the resistance of the ... text{V}$ Both methods give the same result. **Answer:** The terminal voltage of the battery is **8.5 V**....
How to find voltage across capacitor in AC circuit ? | RLC circuit | Impedance | Electrical Engineer
Three identical cells, each of emf. 2V and unknown internal resistance are connected in parallel. This combination is connected to a 5 ohm resistor. If the terminal voltage across the cell is 1.5 volt. What is the internal resistance of each cell? Hence define the internal resistance of a cell? Answer : ### Part 1: Calculating the Internal Resistance Here's how we can find the internal resistance of each cell. **Given Data:** * Electromotive force (EMF) of each cell, E = 2 V * Number of identical cells ... . * **I** is the current flowing from the cell. * **r** is the internal resistance....
Transistor Circuit Mesh Analysis | Electrical Engineering
A battery of emf E and internal resistance r sends a current, I1 , I2 when connected to an external resistance of R1 , R2 respectively. Find the emf. and internal resistance of the battery. Answer : Let's derive the expressions for the electromotive force (EMF) and the internal resistance of the battery step-by-step. ### Understanding the Setup The core principle we'll use is Ohm's law applied to the entire circuit. For a ... $$ **EMF (E):** $$ E = \frac{I_1 I_2 (R_1 - R_2)}{I_2 - I_1} $$...
Norton's Theorem | Electrical Engineering
Why do we prefer a potentiometer to measure the emf of a cell rather than a voltmeter? Answer : The primary reason we prefer a potentiometer to measure the EMF of a cell is that **a potentiometer draws no current from the cell at the point of measurement.** A voltmeter, by its ... method ensures no current is drawn, thereby eliminating any error caused by the source's internal resistance....
Impedances in a parallel circuit | Electrical Engineering
In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25V gives a balance point at 35.0cm length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point shifts to 63.0cm , what is the emf of the second cell? Answer : ### Principle The working principle of a potentiometer is that the potential drop across any portion of a wire of uniform cross-section is directly proportional to the length of that portion, provided a constant current flows ... 2.25 V** ### Answer The EMF of the second cell is **2.25 V**....
Octal to Decimal Conversion Example | Electrical Engineering
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Fig. to the left of the terminals a-b. Then find the current through RL = 6, 16, and 36 Ohm. ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=8797772883006435339 Answer : Solution : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=9419660387739356857...
Speed control of three phase induction motor | Electrical Engineering
How are Fourier series used to analyze non-sinusoidal waveforms in electrical circuits?
Determine the gain of the op-amp circuit in Fig. | Operational Amplifier | Electrical Engineering
If a wire is stretched to double its length. What will be its new resistivity? Answer : The short answer is: **The new resistivity will be exactly the same.** --- ### The Detailed Explanation #### What is Resistivity? **Resistivity (ρ)** is an **intrinsic property** of a material. This ... 2) and area is halved (factor of 1/2). | Becomes **four times** the original resistance. |...
concept of conductance
State one condition for maximum current to be drawn from the cell? Answer : For maximum current to be drawn from a cell, the **external resistance in the circuit should be zero**. This condition is also known as a **short circuit**. **Explanation:** The current (I) drawn from a cell ... possible value is 0. When R = 0, the current is at its maximum value, I_max = E / r....
MCQs on Synchronous Machines | Electrical Engineering
Why is "active listening" considered a skill that requires conscious effort, and how does it fundamentally differ from simply hearing someone speak or waiting for your turn to talk? Answer : The difference is one of **intent and engagement**. Hearing is a passive, physiological process of perceiving sound. Waiting for your turn to talk is a self-centered debate tactic. Active ... You gain a much deeper and more accurate understanding of the problem, leading to better solutions....
Source transformation 11 | Electrical Engineering
How to calculate winding of transformer? Answer : --- ### Part 1: The Core Concepts (The "Why") Before we jump into calculations, let's understand the key principles. #### 1. The Universal EMF Equation This is the heart of all transformer ... and between the windings and the core. If you are a beginner, start with low-voltage projects first....
How 0.707 come in Root Mean Square (RMS) value of alternating current | Electrical Engineering
What is the greenhouse effect and how does it contribute to global warming?
Electrical Engineering | Electrical Machine | DC motor | MCQ 1 | Electrical Engineering
From a fundamental engineering mechanics perspective, what is the primary difference between a beam and a shaft, given that both are often long, slender components used in structural and mechanical systems? Answer : The primary difference lies in the **type of load they are designed to resist** and, consequently, the **purpose they serve**. A **beam** is designed to resist **bending loads**, while a ... it supports. In such cases, engineers must analyze the **combined stresses** from both bending and torsion....
Evaluate the following complex numbers | Electrical Engineering
What is the difference between a radial and a ring main electrical distribution system?
Norton's Theorem Problem | Electrical Engineering
What is the difference between an open-loop and a closed-loop control system?
Voltage division examples | Electrical Engineering
In the context of green building and energy conservation, what is the fundamental difference between R-Value and U-Value, and why is one typically used for individual materials like insulation, while the other is used for complex assemblies like windows? Answer : The fundamental difference is that they are mathematical reciprocals of each other, measuring opposite things: **R-Value measures resistance to heat flow**, while **U-Value measures the rate ... envelope that conserves energy by keeping heat inside during the winter and outside during the summer....
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Example | Electric Circuits | Network Analysis | Network Theory
List the types of turbine used in hydro power plant. Answer : The selection of a specific turbine for a hydropower plant depends primarily on two factors: * **Water Head:** The vertical distance the water falls from the reservoir to the turbine. * **Flow Rate:** ... | Very Low (2-20m)| High to Very High| Generator and turbine in a submerged pod. |...
Alternating voltages and phasors (Problem 13) | Electrical Engineering
Explain the reasons for failure of gaseous and solid dielectric materials used in electrical engineering application. Answer : ### **Introduction to Dielectric Failure** A dielectric material is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. Its primary function in electrical engineering is to ... Often a slow, aging-related process - Highly sensitive to impurities, voids, and moisture |...
Using phasors, determine in the following equations | Electrical Engineering
Explain the use of the following components in electrical wiring system and give specification of each: (i) MCB (ii) ELCB Answer : ### Introduction In any modern electrical wiring system, safety and protection are paramount. Devices like MCBs and ELCBs are critical safety components installed in a consumer unit (also known as a ... (lighting, sockets, etc.) | Protecting a group of circuits or an entire installation |...
Impedance Parameters of Two Port Network Solved Example | Z Parameter Example | Electric Circuits
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