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What are the main advantages of HVDC transmission over HVAC for long distances?
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Select insulating materials for following parts : (i) Insulation between heating element and base plate of electric iron. (ii) Insulation used over copper or aluminium conductor used for making coils. (iii) Transformer bushings. (iv) Insulation between transmission line and pole.
Answer : ### (i) Insulation between heating element and base plate of electric iron. **Selected Material:** **Mica** **Reasoning:** The insulation in an electric iron has a unique set of ... is very lightweight, has a high strength-to-weight ratio, and performs exceptionally well in polluted environments....

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Why are microwave frequencies overwhelmingly preferred for radar systems, and what fundamental trade-off does the choice of a specific microwave frequency (e.g., S-band vs. X-band) represent for a radar's performance?
Answer : The use of microwaves is not arbitrary; they occupy a "sweet spot" in the electromagnetic spectrum that provides the best balance of physical properties for detecting and ranging objects. ... provides the required resolution for the mission, thereby maximizing its all-weather performance and range....

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State advantages of MCB over Fuse. State the standard specifications of MCB available in the market.
Answer : ### Advantages of MCB over Fuse MCBs are modern, automatic electrical switches that have largely replaced traditional fuses in most residential, commercial, and industrial applications due to their numerous advantages. | Feature ... MCBs. * **Class 2 & 1:** Limit less energy and are less common....

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From a fundamental engineering mechanics perspective, what is the primary difference between a beam and a shaft, given that both are often long, slender components used in structural and mechanical systems?
Answer : The primary difference lies in the **type of load they are designed to resist** and, consequently, the **purpose they serve**. A **beam** is designed to resist **bending loads**, while a ... it supports. In such cases, engineers must analyze the **combined stresses** from both bending and torsion....

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What are the fundamental limitations of traditional "hard-switched" PWM converters, and how do resonant or "soft-switching" techniques like Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) and Zero Current Switching (ZCS) overcome these limitations to achieve higher efficiency and power density?
Answer : This question addresses the critical challenge of **switching loss**, the primary barrier to increasing the operating frequency, and therefore the power density, of modern power converters. ** ... state-of-the-art applications like server power supplies, EV chargers, and renewable energy inverters....

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What are the full forms of EQ, IQ and SQ ?
Answer : Ans: The full forms of EQ, IQ and SQ are as follows: IQ - Intelligence Quotient EQ - Emotional Quotient SQ - Situational Intelligence Quotient...

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Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 Ohm are joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 Ohm . What is the current drawn from the supply and its terminal voltage?
Answer : ### Given Data: * Number of cells, **n = 6** * EMF of each cell, **E_cell = 2.0 V** * Internal resistance of each cell, **r_cell = 0.015 Ω** * External resistance (load), **R = 8.5 Ω ... The current drawn from the supply is **1.40 A**. * The terminal voltage of the supply is **11.9 V**....

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Three resistors 1 Ohm , 2 Ohm and 3 Ohm are combined in series. What is the total resistance of the combination?
Answer : When resistors are combined in series, the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances. The formula is: R_total = R1 + R2 + R3 Given the values: * R1 = 1 Ω * R2 = 2 Ω * R3 = 3 Ω ... = 1 Ω + 2 Ω + 3 Ω = 6 Ω So, the total resistance of the combination is **6 Ohms**....

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Three identical cells, each of emf. 2V and unknown internal resistance are connected in parallel. This combination is connected to a 5 ohm resistor. If the terminal voltage across the cell is 1.5 volt. What is the internal resistance of each cell? Hence define the internal resistance of a cell?
Answer : ### Part 1: Calculating the Internal Resistance Here's how we can find the internal resistance of each cell. **Given Data:** * Electromotive force (EMF) of each cell, E = 2 V * Number of identical cells ... . * **I** is the current flowing from the cell. * **r** is the internal resistance....

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Two heated wires of the same dimensions are first connected in series and then it’s parallel to a source of supply. What will be the ratio of heat produced in the two cases?
Answer : Here is the step-by-step solution: ### The Short Answer The ratio of heat produced in the series case to the parallel case is **1:4**. --- ### Detailed ... proportional to this current, the parallel circuit draws significantly more power and therefore produces significantly more heat....

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Two wires A and B are of the same metal and of same length have their areas of cross section in the ratio 2:1 if the same potential difference is applied across each wire in turn, what will be the ratio of current flowing in A & B ?
Answer : The ratio of the current flowing in wire A to wire B is **2:1**. --- ### Detailed Explanation Let's break down the problem using the relevant physics principles. #### 1. List the Given ... resistance, which is wire A. Our result confirms this: the current in A is twice the current in B....

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In the context of green building and energy conservation, what is the fundamental difference between R-Value and U-Value, and why is one typically used for individual materials like insulation, while the other is used for complex assemblies like windows?
Answer : The fundamental difference is that they are mathematical reciprocals of each other, measuring opposite things: **R-Value measures resistance to heat flow**, while **U-Value measures the rate ... envelope that conserves energy by keeping heat inside during the winter and outside during the summer....

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What is the multipath fading problem in wireless communication, and how does the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme elegantly solve this problem, which was a major limitation for previous generations of mobile technology?
Answer : This question addresses the single most challenging physical problem in mobile communication and the ingenious solution that underpins virtually all modern broadband wireless standards. --- ### **Part 1: The Problem - Multipath Fading and ... **4G LTE, 5G NR, and modern Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi 4/5/6/7)**....

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Give the four advantages of vertical axis wind mills.
Answer : While less common than their horizontal-axis counterparts, Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) offer four distinct advantages, particularly in specific environments. Here are the four main advantages of vertical axis ... of the next. This allows for a much higher power output per unit of land....

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What is the main difference between a rectifier and an inverter in power electronics?
Answer : A rectifier converts AC (Alternating Current) → DC (Direct Current). It is used in power supplies, battery charging, and DC motor drives. Example: diode bridge rectifier. An inverter converts DC ... , wind), UPS systems, and variable-frequency drives. Example: PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) inverter....

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What are ohmic and non-ohmic resistors? Give one example of each?
Answer : **Ohm's Law** states that the voltage ($V$) across a conductor is directly proportional to the current ($I$) flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperature remain constant. Mathematically, ... | **Carbon Resistor**, Nichrome Wire | **Filament Light Bulb**, Diode, Thermistor |...

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What is the fundamental difference in the physical mechanism and material structure between a Light Emitting Diode (LED) and a Laser Diode, given that both are semiconductor p-n junction devices that convert electricity into light?
Answer : The difference lies in the nature of the photon emission process they utilize and the physical structure required to support that process. An LED relies on **Spontaneous Emission** to produce incoherent light, ... data | Fiber optics, barcode scanners, laser pointers, Blu-ray/DVD players |...

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In designing an IoT application, what are the key trade-offs between processing data in the Cloud versus at the Edge, and can you provide a real-world example where each approach is clearly superior?
Answer : This question addresses the fundamental architectural choice of "where the thinking happens" in an IoT system. The decision between Cloud and Edge computing directly impacts an application's ... data analytics, and centralized device management. This combination provides the best of both worlds....

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What is drift velocity? Derive expression for drift velocity of electrons in a good conductor in terms of relaxation time of electrons?
Answer : --- ### Part 1: What is Drift Velocity? In a metallic conductor (like a copper wire), the outer electrons of the atoms are not bound to individual atoms. They are free to move throughout the entire volume of ... field. * The magnitude of the drift velocity is given by: $v_d = \frac{e\tau}{m}E$....

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In metrology, what is the fundamental difference between accuracy and precision, and why is it possible—and often dangerous—for a measurement to be highly precise but not accurate?
Answer : The fundamental difference is that **accuracy** describes the closeness of a measurement to the true value, while **precision** describes the closeness of repeated measurements to each ... . Understanding that a measurement can be consistently wrong is a foundational principle of metrology....

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What is the difference between electrical Power (kW) and electrical Energy (kWh), and why do industrial consumers get penalized for having a low Power Factor even if their energy consumption remains the same?
Answer : This question touches on the fundamental economic and technical aspects of utilizing electrical energy. The answer lies in understanding what you are billed for versus what the utility company must actually ... strain on the grid, minimizes energy losses, and frees up capacity for other customers....

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What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources, and why is the shift toward renewables important for sustainability?
Answer : Renewable resources are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass energy. Non-renewable resources like coal, oil, and natural gas are finite ... that future generations have access to reliable energy sources without depleting the planet's natural reserves....

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A set of n-identical resistors, each of resistance R ohm when connected in series have an effective resistance of X ohm and when the resistors are connected in parallel the effective resistance is Y ohm. Find the relation between R , X and Y ?
Answer : Let's break this down step-by-step to find the relationship between R, X, and Y. ### 1. Resistors in Series When resistors are connected in series, their total effective resistance is the sum of ... the **geometric mean** of the total series resistance (X) and the total parallel resistance (Y)....

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Compare the casing / capping system of electrical wiring to concealed system of electrical wiring. On the basis of look, cost, life, safety retentivity of material and suitability for locations.
Answer : This comparison covers two of the most common methods for electrical wiring in buildings. Here is a detailed comparison of the Casing/Capping system and the Concealed Conduit system based on your ... and safety to the property. It is the standard for modern residential and commercial construction....

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Explain the reasons for failure of gaseous and solid dielectric materials used in electrical engineering application.
Answer : ### **Introduction to Dielectric Failure** A dielectric material is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. Its primary function in electrical engineering is to ... Often a slow, aging-related process - Highly sensitive to impurities, voids, and moisture |...

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Draw the graph showing the variation of conductivity with temperature for a metallic conductor?
Answer : The conductivity for a metallic conductor decreases with the increase in temperature. ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=10491891827766109637 ### Explanation: The Physics Behind the Graph To understand this ... | **Low** |...

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State significance of earthing. Draw and explain pipe earthing. State the values of earth resistances for : (i) Substation (ii) Residential wiring (iii) H.T. Line (iv) L.T. Line
Answer : ### 1. Significance of Earthing Earthing (or grounding) is a fundamental safety measure in any electrical installation. Its primary significance is to protect people, equipment, and property from ... to consumers. [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=3390146307772186646...

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State the procedure for laying / installation of underground cable.
Answer : 1) Direct laying Cable: or Trench laying method: ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=2239248645105787017 Procedure:  For laying of a cable trench about 1.5m deep ... one cable does not damage the adjacent cable.  Only armored cables are used in this method. ...

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