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What are the main advantages of HVDC transmission over HVAC for long distances?
Determine vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. | Sinusoids and Phasors | Electrical Engineering
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What are the fundamental limitations of traditional "hard-switched" PWM converters, and how do resonant or "soft-switching" techniques like Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) and Zero Current Switching (ZCS) overcome these limitations to achieve higher efficiency and power density? Answer : This question addresses the critical challenge of **switching loss**, the primary barrier to increasing the operating frequency, and therefore the power density, of modern power converters. ** ... state-of-the-art applications like server power supplies, EV chargers, and renewable energy inverters....
Electrical Engineering Facts 65
What is the main difference between a rectifier and an inverter in power electronics? Answer : A rectifier converts AC (Alternating Current) → DC (Direct Current). It is used in power supplies, battery charging, and DC motor drives. Example: diode bridge rectifier. An inverter converts DC ... , wind), UPS systems, and variable-frequency drives. Example: PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) inverter....
Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems 1 | Electrical Engineering
What are the main differences between Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)?
Mutex | Electrical Engineering
Describe the main components and energy conversion stages of a thermal power plant.
Basic Electrical Engineering | EMF Equation of DC Machine
What are the main components of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) powertrain?
Voltages out of phase | Phasor Diagram | Electrical Engineering
What are the primary design considerations for the core and windings of an electrical transformer?
Electrical Engineering Facts 72
What are three major causes of deforestation and their impact on the environment?
Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements | What is the instantaneous voltage across a 2 μF
Why are microwave frequencies overwhelmingly preferred for radar systems, and what fundamental trade-off does the choice of a specific microwave frequency (e.g., S-band vs. X-band) represent for a radar's performance? Answer : The use of microwaves is not arbitrary; they occupy a "sweet spot" in the electromagnetic spectrum that provides the best balance of physical properties for detecting and ranging objects. ... provides the required resolution for the mission, thereby maximizing its all-weather performance and range....
If voltage v = 10 cos(100t + 30°) is applied to a 50 μF capacitor, calculate the current through th
What are the full forms of EQ, IQ and SQ ? Answer : Ans: The full forms of EQ, IQ and SQ are as follows: IQ - Intelligence Quotient EQ - Emotional Quotient SQ - Situational Intelligence Quotient...
Decimal to Binary Conversions Questions with Solution
Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 Ohm are joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 Ohm . What is the current drawn from the supply and its terminal voltage? Answer : ### Given Data: * Number of cells, **n = 6** * EMF of each cell, **E_cell = 2.0 V** * Internal resistance of each cell, **r_cell = 0.015 Ω** * External resistance (load), **R = 8.5 Ω ... The current drawn from the supply is **1.40 A**. * The terminal voltage of the supply is **11.9 V**....
Transfer switch | Electrical Engineering
Three resistors 1 Ohm , 2 Ohm and 3 Ohm are combined in series. What is the total resistance of the combination? Answer : When resistors are combined in series, the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances. The formula is: R_total = R1 + R2 + R3 Given the values: * R1 = 1 Ω * R2 = 2 Ω * R3 = 3 Ω ... = 1 Ω + 2 Ω + 3 Ω = 6 Ω So, the total resistance of the combination is **6 Ohms**....
Practice Problem 3.2 Find the voltages at the three nonreference nodes in the circuit.
Three identical cells, each of emf. 2V and unknown internal resistance are connected in parallel. This combination is connected to a 5 ohm resistor. If the terminal voltage across the cell is 1.5 volt. What is the internal resistance of each cell? Hence define the internal resistance of a cell? Answer : ### Part 1: Calculating the Internal Resistance Here's how we can find the internal resistance of each cell. **Given Data:** * Electromotive force (EMF) of each cell, E = 2 V * Number of identical cells ... . * **I** is the current flowing from the cell. * **r** is the internal resistance....
MCQ on Power Engineering | Electrical Engineering
Two heated wires of the same dimensions are first connected in series and then it’s parallel to a source of supply. What will be the ratio of heat produced in the two cases? Answer : Here is the step-by-step solution: ### The Short Answer The ratio of heat produced in the series case to the parallel case is **1:4**. --- ### Detailed ... proportional to this current, the parallel circuit draws significantly more power and therefore produces significantly more heat....
Motivation 1 | Electrical Engineering
Two wires A and B are of the same metal and of same length have their areas of cross section in the ratio 2:1 if the same potential difference is applied across each wire in turn, what will be the ratio of current flowing in A & B ? Answer : The ratio of the current flowing in wire A to wire B is **2:1**. --- ### Detailed Explanation Let's break down the problem using the relevant physics principles. #### 1. List the Given ... resistance, which is wire A. Our result confirms this: the current in A is twice the current in B....
Linear Circuit explained with VI Characteristics | Electrical Engineering
What is the difference between a radial and a ring main electrical distribution system?
Timeand Work 1 Easy (Aptitude) | Electrical and Electronics Engineering | Electrical Engineering
Why concentrating collectors are used in solar power plant. Answer : Because of following advantages concentrating type collector are used in solar power plant: - 1. Temperature: Temperature obtained is high because absorber area is less and collector/reflector area is ... results: As tracking system is used better results are obtain than flat type collector. ...
Kirchhoff’s Laws | Electrical Engineering
What is the fundamental difference between Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) like carbon dioxide and Criteria Air Pollutants like sulfur dioxide, and why do they require different mitigation strategies even though they often come from the same source, such as a power plant? Answer : The fundamental difference lies in their **mechanism of harm** and the **scale of their impact**. Greenhouse gases cause a **global, long-term** problem by altering the Earth's ... compliance with local air quality laws but still be a significant environmental concern from a climate perspective....
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What is the difference between electrical Power (kW) and electrical Energy (kWh), and why do industrial consumers get penalized for having a low Power Factor even if their energy consumption remains the same? Answer : This question touches on the fundamental economic and technical aspects of utilizing electrical energy. The answer lies in understanding what you are billed for versus what the utility company must actually ... strain on the grid, minimizes energy losses, and frees up capacity for other customers....
Why Birds Don't Get Electric Shock Despite Sitting on High-Voltage Wire ? | Electrical Engineering
What are ohmic and non-ohmic resistors? Give one example of each? Answer : **Ohm's Law** states that the voltage ($V$) across a conductor is directly proportional to the current ($I$) flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperature remain constant. Mathematically, ... | **Carbon Resistor**, Nichrome Wire | **Filament Light Bulb**, Diode, Thermistor |...
Series and parallel resistors 4 | Electrical Engineering
What is the role of a FACTS device like a STATCOM in a power transmission system?
what is the function of stator in electric motor?
What is the purpose of a substation in an electrical power grid?
six most common multiples | Electrical and Electronics Engineering | Electrical Engineering
What is the function of a rectifier in a power supply?
Electrical Engineering Facts 64
What are the key differences between a manager and a leader in an organization?
Electric Power Formula in AC & DC Circuits | Electrical Engineering
From a fundamental engineering mechanics perspective, what is the primary difference between a beam and a shaft, given that both are often long, slender components used in structural and mechanical systems? Answer : The primary difference lies in the **type of load they are designed to resist** and, consequently, the **purpose they serve**. A **beam** is designed to resist **bending loads**, while a ... it supports. In such cases, engineers must analyze the **combined stresses** from both bending and torsion....
how to find equivalent resistance | Electrical Engineering
What is the fundamental difference in the physical mechanism and material structure between a Light Emitting Diode (LED) and a Laser Diode, given that both are semiconductor p-n junction devices that convert electricity into light? Answer : The difference lies in the nature of the photon emission process they utilize and the physical structure required to support that process. An LED relies on **Spontaneous Emission** to produce incoherent light, ... data | Fiber optics, barcode scanners, laser pointers, Blu-ray/DVD players |...
Digital Electronics | Decimal to Octal Conversion Example
In designing an IoT application, what are the key trade-offs between processing data in the Cloud versus at the Edge, and can you provide a real-world example where each approach is clearly superior? Answer : This question addresses the fundamental architectural choice of "where the thinking happens" in an IoT system. The decision between Cloud and Edge computing directly impacts an application's ... data analytics, and centralized device management. This combination provides the best of both worlds....
What is Mailbox | Electrical Engineering
Compare the working principles of a hydroelectric power plant and a nuclear power plant.
Ages aptitude 4 | Electrical Engineering
Explain the choice of size and number of generator units in a power plant. Answer : --- ### The Fundamental Trade-Off At its core, the decision boils down to a trade-off between two main approaches: 1. **A Few Large Units:** This approach leverages **economies ... designed with multiple, fast-ramping units to complement the variability of wind and solar power on the grid....
Azionamentoa frequenza variabile (VFD) | Electrical and Electronics Engineering
What are the key elements of effective verbal communication?
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) | Electrical Engineering
What are the primary causes of electrical breakdown in gaseous insulators?
Problem on electrical power and energy | Electrical Engineering
What are the properties of silicon that make it a suitable material for semiconductors?
Op Amp as an Differentiator (Inverting) - Understanding the Basics | Operational Amplifier
A set of n-identical resistors, each of resistance R ohm when connected in series have an effective resistance of X ohm and when the resistors are connected in parallel the effective resistance is Y ohm. Find the relation between R , X and Y ? Answer : Let's break this down step-by-step to find the relationship between R, X, and Y. ### 1. Resistors in Series When resistors are connected in series, their total effective resistance is the sum of ... the **geometric mean** of the total series resistance (X) and the total parallel resistance (Y)....
Nodal Analysis Problem | Electrical Engineering
In a Hall Effect experiment, a voltage is measured perpendicular to both the current flow and the magnetic field. What is the physical origin of this "Hall Voltage," and what two crucial properties of a semiconductor material can be determined by measuring it? Answer : The physical origin of the Hall Voltage is the **Lorentz force** acting on charge carriers as they move through a magnetic field. This simple experiment is profoundly important because it ... **carrier concentration `n`**, a fundamental parameter that dictates the material's electrical properties....
Addition of two Sinusoids | Phasors Problem Solved Example | Sinusoids and Phasors
What is Orthographic Projection, and what is the fundamental principle that governs the alignment of the standard views (Front, Top, and Right Side) on a 2D engineering drawing? Answer : **Orthographic Projection** is the primary method used in engineering to represent a three-dimensional object on a two-dimensional surface. The core idea is to look at the object from ... the exact 3D object it represents, making it the unambiguous foundation for manufacturing and construction....
Problems on capacitor 2 | Electrical Engineering
What is the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, and why is it considered "fundamental" to the study of calculus? Answer : The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is the central pillar that connects the two main branches of calculus: **differentiation** and **integration**. In essence, it rigorously proves ... This relationship is the foundation for countless applications in physics, engineering, economics, and statistics....
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion Example | Electrical Engineering
In the context of green building and energy conservation, what is the fundamental difference between R-Value and U-Value, and why is one typically used for individual materials like insulation, while the other is used for complex assemblies like windows? Answer : The fundamental difference is that they are mathematical reciprocals of each other, measuring opposite things: **R-Value measures resistance to heat flow**, while **U-Value measures the rate ... envelope that conserves energy by keeping heat inside during the winter and outside during the summer....
Independent voltage source | Ideal voltage source | Practical voltage source | Characteristics
What is the multipath fading problem in wireless communication, and how does the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme elegantly solve this problem, which was a major limitation for previous generations of mobile technology? Answer : This question addresses the single most challenging physical problem in mobile communication and the ingenious solution that underpins virtually all modern broadband wireless standards. --- ### **Part 1: The Problem - Multipath Fading and ... **4G LTE, 5G NR, and modern Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi 4/5/6/7)**....
Electrical Engineering Facts 15
What is the difference between a fundamental quantity and a derived quantity? Provide two examples of each. Answer : ### The Core Difference In simple terms, **fundamental quantities** are the basic building blocks of measurement. They are independent of each other and cannot be expressed in terms of other physical quantities. Think of them as the ... ** ($m^2$), **Speed** (m/s), **Force** (Newton or kg·m/s²) |...
Series and parallel resistors 14 | Electrical Engineering
A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ohm is being charged by a 120 V DC supply using a series resistor of 15.5 Ohm . What is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging? What is the purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit? Answer : ### Given Data: * Electromotive force (emf) of the battery, $E = 8.0 \text{ V}$ * Internal resistance of the battery, $r = 0.5 \text{ } \Omega$ * DC supply voltage, $V_{supply} = ... to a much safer and more manageable **7.0 A**, protecting both the battery and the power supply from damage....
Nodal Analysis Solved Example Problem | Node Voltage Analysis Problem Solution
A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 Ohm is connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5 A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is closed? Answer : ### Given Information: * **EMF of the battery (E):** 10 V * **Internal resistance (r):** 3 Ω * **Current in the circuit (I):** 0.5 A --- ### 1. What is the resistance of the ... text{V}$ Both methods give the same result. **Answer:** The terminal voltage of the battery is **8.5 V**....
SG90 Micro Servo Motor #electronics
In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25V gives a balance point at 35.0cm length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point shifts to 63.0cm , what is the emf of the second cell? Answer : ### Principle The working principle of a potentiometer is that the potential drop across any portion of a wire of uniform cross-section is directly proportional to the length of that portion, provided a constant current flows ... 2.25 V** ### Answer The EMF of the second cell is **2.25 V**....
Compare Star and Delta Connection | Electrical Engineering
A Carbon resistor has three strips of red colour and a gold strip. What is the value of the resistor? What is its tolerance? Answer : The value of a carbon resistor is determined by the standard resistor color code system. For a 4-band resistor: * **Band 1:** First significant digit * **Band 2:** Second significant ... a new resistor with these color bands will have an actual resistance somewhere between 2090 Ω and 2310 Ω....
Making Money 101: Strategies for Earning a Living and Achieving Financial Stability
Give the four advantages of vertical axis wind mills. Answer : While less common than their horizontal-axis counterparts, Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) offer four distinct advantages, particularly in specific environments. Here are the four main advantages of vertical axis ... of the next. This allows for a much higher power output per unit of land....
Non-Contact Tachometer Explained. | Electrical Engineering
State advantages of MCB over Fuse. State the standard specifications of MCB available in the market. Answer : ### Advantages of MCB over Fuse MCBs are modern, automatic electrical switches that have largely replaced traditional fuses in most residential, commercial, and industrial applications due to their numerous advantages. | Feature ... MCBs. * **Class 2 & 1:** Limit less energy and are less common....
Impedance parameters two port network | z parameters of two port network | Electrical Engineering
What is meant by power system stability and why is it important?
Explain the factors to be considered while designing a lighting scheme. | Electrical Engineering
What are the key steps involved in conducting an energy audit for a commercial building?
Evaluate the following complex numbers | Rectangular to Polar Form | Polar to Rectangular Form
What are the standard safety procedures to follow when working on high-voltage equipment?
Mesh analysis 11 | Electrical Engineering
Describe the function of an inverter in a power electronics system.
Hindi : Passive Network | Network Analysis | Network Theory | Electric Circuits | ECI | ECN
List the types of turbine used in hydro power plant. Answer : The selection of a specific turbine for a hydropower plant depends primarily on two factors: * **Water Head:** The vertical distance the water falls from the reservoir to the turbine. * **Flow Rate:** ... | Very Low (2-20m)| High to Very High| Generator and turbine in a submerged pod. |...
Wiring MCQ | Electrical Engineering
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