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How does a photovoltaic (PV) cell convert sunlight directly into electricity?
Current Division Rule Problems | 10 Solved Examples on Basic to Advanced Level Current Divider Rule
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How does a smart grid differ from a traditional electrical grid in terms of communication and control?
Mesh Analysis | Electric Circuits | Problem 3.45 | Electrical Engineering
How does a microcontroller, which operates exclusively with discrete digital values (1s and 0s), measure a continuous, real-world analog signal like the temperature from a sensor? Answer : The bridge between the analog real world and the digital world of a microcontroller is a crucial mixed-signal circuit called an **Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)**. Virtually all modern ... measurement like temperature, allowing a purely digital device to sense and react to the analog world....
Reactance, Impedance and Current of RL series circuit Example | SINGLE PHASE AC SERIES CIRCUIT
Why is "active listening" considered a skill that requires conscious effort, and how does it fundamentally differ from simply hearing someone speak or waiting for your turn to talk? Answer : The difference is one of **intent and engagement**. Hearing is a passive, physiological process of perceiving sound. Waiting for your turn to talk is a self-centered debate tactic. Active ... You gain a much deeper and more accurate understanding of the problem, leading to better solutions....
Find the current, voltage and power associated with the 20 kOhm resistor. | Electrical Engineering
What is the fundamental difference in the physical mechanism and material structure between a Light Emitting Diode (LED) and a Laser Diode, given that both are semiconductor p-n junction devices that convert electricity into light? Answer : The difference lies in the nature of the photon emission process they utilize and the physical structure required to support that process. An LED relies on **Spontaneous Emission** to produce incoherent light, ... data | Fiber optics, barcode scanners, laser pointers, Blu-ray/DVD players |...
How 0.707 come in Root Mean Square (RMS) value of alternating current | Electrical Engineering
Convert the circuit shown in fig. into a single voltage source in series with resistance. ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=17118069873838951895 Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=10997850983763419494 --- ### **Mastering Source Transformation: A Step-by-Step Circuit Simplification Example** Source transformation is a ... **30/31 Ω (or approximately 0.97 Ω) resistor**. **Final Circuit Diagram:** ...
Basic Electronics For Beginners
Using source conversion, convert the given circuit into an equivalent circuit containing a single resistance and voltage source. ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=4024946229561106108 Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=8995260068267182734 --- ### **Mastering Circuit Analysis: A Step-by-Step Guide to Source Transformation** Source ... polarity of voltage sources and the direction of current sources at every step to ensure an accurate result....
Problem on Kirchhoff's Laws 2 | Electrical Engineering
What is the multipath fading problem in wireless communication, and how does the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme elegantly solve this problem, which was a major limitation for previous generations of mobile technology? Answer : This question addresses the single most challenging physical problem in mobile communication and the ingenious solution that underpins virtually all modern broadband wireless standards. --- ### **Part 1: The Problem - Multipath Fading and ... **4G LTE, 5G NR, and modern Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi 4/5/6/7)**....
Norton’s Theorem | Electric Circuits | Example 4.11 | Electrical Engineering
If the temperature of a good conductor decreases, how does the relaxation time of electrons in the conductor change? Answer : ### The Short Answer If the temperature of a good conductor decreases, the **relaxation time of electrons increases**. --- ### The Detailed Explanation To understand why, let's break ... **. This is why good conductors become even better conductors (less resistive) at lower temperatures....
Slip Energy Recovery Scheme for three phase induction motor | Electrical Engineering
What is the difference between electrical Power (kW) and electrical Energy (kWh), and why do industrial consumers get penalized for having a low Power Factor even if their energy consumption remains the same? Answer : This question touches on the fundamental economic and technical aspects of utilizing electrical energy. The answer lies in understanding what you are billed for versus what the utility company must actually ... strain on the grid, minimizes energy losses, and frees up capacity for other customers....
Independent Current Source | Ideal Current Source | Practical Current Source | Characteristics
From a physics perspective, what makes a semiconductor like silicon fundamentally different from a conductor like copper or an insulator like glass, and how is this difference exploited to create the essential electronic component, the diode? Answer : The fundamental difference lies in the **electron energy band structure** of the materials, specifically the size of the **band gap**. This unique property of semiconductors allows us to precisely ... and off at will is the foundation of all digital logic and the entire modern electronics industry....
Rabbits eating cabbage leaves | Electrical Engineering
Give the four advantages of vertical axis wind mills. Answer : While less common than their horizontal-axis counterparts, Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) offer four distinct advantages, particularly in specific environments. Here are the four main advantages of vertical axis ... of the next. This allows for a much higher power output per unit of land....
Admittance (Y)
With a neat diagram explain pelton wheel turbine. Answer : ### **Introduction** The **Pelton wheel** or **Pelton turbine** is a type of **impulse turbine** used in hydroelectric power plants. It is a tangential flow turbine, meaning ... hydroelectric power plants situated in mountainous regions where a large difference in water level (head) is available....
Complex Number Solved Example | Electrical Engineering
List the types of turbine used in hydro power plant. Answer : The selection of a specific turbine for a hydropower plant depends primarily on two factors: * **Water Head:** The vertical distance the water falls from the reservoir to the turbine. * **Flow Rate:** ... | Very Low (2-20m)| High to Very High| Generator and turbine in a submerged pod. |...
For the simplified transistor circuit of calculate the voltage vo. | Electrical Engineering
How does a digital multimeter measure voltage, and what is its basic working principle?
Digital Electronics | Decimal to Binary Conversion Example
What is the greenhouse effect and how does it contribute to global warming?
20 MCQs on transformer | Electrical Engineering
Obtain ohm’s law from the expression for electrical conductivity. Answer : We can derive the familiar form of Ohm's Law ($V=IR$) by starting with the fundamental expression for electrical conductivity ($\sigma$). This derivation beautifully connects the microscopic behavior of ... total **current ($I$)** flowing through it, successfully obtaining Ohm's Law, $V=IR$....
Norton's Theorem Problem | Electrical Engineering
Using source conversion, reduce the circuit shown in the figure into a single voltage source in series with a single resistance. ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=18414686426985693295 Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=9298562401596151803 ### **Source Transformation Explained: A Step-by-Step Circuit Simplification Example** Source ... a resistor is a Norton equivalent circuit. Source transformation is the method to convert between them....
Problem on resistance and resistivity 1 | Electrical Engineering
Explain the difference between a conductor, an insulator, and a semiconductor based on their energy band structure.
What is trading ? | What is copy trading ? | How to get started with Octafx Copytrading ?
What are the key steps involved in conducting an energy audit for a commercial building?
Mesh analysis 9 | Electrical Engineering
Describe the main components and energy conversion stages of a thermal power plant.
For the circuit in fig. find the gain vo/vs. | Electrical Engineering
Why are microwave frequencies overwhelmingly preferred for radar systems, and what fundamental trade-off does the choice of a specific microwave frequency (e.g., S-band vs. X-band) represent for a radar's performance? Answer : The use of microwaves is not arbitrary; they occupy a "sweet spot" in the electromagnetic spectrum that provides the best balance of physical properties for detecting and ranging objects. ... provides the required resolution for the mission, thereby maximizing its all-weather performance and range....
What is System Unit of computer? | Electrical Engineering
From a fundamental engineering mechanics perspective, what is the primary difference between a beam and a shaft, given that both are often long, slender components used in structural and mechanical systems? Answer : The primary difference lies in the **type of load they are designed to resist** and, consequently, the **purpose they serve**. A **beam** is designed to resist **bending loads**, while a ... it supports. In such cases, engineers must analyze the **combined stresses** from both bending and torsion....
Mesh Analysis Problem | Electrical Engineering
What is the fundamental difference between Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) like carbon dioxide and Criteria Air Pollutants like sulfur dioxide, and why do they require different mitigation strategies even though they often come from the same source, such as a power plant? Answer : The fundamental difference lies in their **mechanism of harm** and the **scale of their impact**. Greenhouse gases cause a **global, long-term** problem by altering the Earth's ... compliance with local air quality laws but still be a significant environmental concern from a climate perspective....
Basic Electrical MCQ | 15 | Electrical Engineering
Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 Ohm are joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 Ohm . What is the current drawn from the supply and its terminal voltage? Answer : ### Given Data: * Number of cells, **n = 6** * EMF of each cell, **E_cell = 2.0 V** * Internal resistance of each cell, **r_cell = 0.015 Ω** * External resistance (load), **R = 8.5 Ω ... The current drawn from the supply is **1.40 A**. * The terminal voltage of the supply is **11.9 V**....
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The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12V . If the internal resistance of the battery is 0.4 Ohm , what is the maximum current that can be drawn from the battery? Answer : The maximum current that can be drawn from the battery is **30 Amperes (A)**. --- ### Detailed Explanation #### 1. Understand the Concepts * **EMF (Electromotive Force, $\mathcal{E ... even explode. This calculation is a theoretical maximum. **Never attempt to short-circuit a car battery.**...
Mesh Analysis or Maxwell’s Loop Current Method | Electrical Engineering
Draw the schematic arrangement for a gas power plant. Answer : Schematic arrangement for a gas power plant Simple Systems:- ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=2410677951309365900...
Octal to Decimal Conversion Example | Electrical Engineering
Explain the choice of size and number of generator units in a power plant. Answer : --- ### The Fundamental Trade-Off At its core, the decision boils down to a trade-off between two main approaches: 1. **A Few Large Units:** This approach leverages **economies ... designed with multiple, fast-ramping units to complement the variability of wind and solar power on the grid....
Half Wave Rectifier: Exploring Operation and Waveform Analysis | Diode | Electrical Engineering
What is the basic principle behind how a RADAR system detects an object's range and velocity?
Which of the following is definitely not a leap year? | Logical Reasoning | Calendar
How can the Internet of Things (IoT) be used to create a smart home automation system?
EX-NOR (XNOR) Gate using NAND Gate | Electrical Engineering
Explain with the help of a circuit diagram, how the value of an unknown resistance can be determined using a Wheatstone bridge? Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=407323477172242274 ### **Introduction** A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used for the precise measurement of an ... (R₃) at the balance point has been recorded, the unknown resistance Rₓ can be calculated precisely....
Series AC Circuit Example | Find out the resistance and capacitance of the given impedances
If potential difference V applied across a conductor is increased to 2V , how will the drift velocity of the electron change? Answer : ### Short Answer If the potential difference V applied across a conductor is increased to 2V, the **drift velocity of the electrons will also double**. ### Detailed Explanation Let's ... the electric field, which doubles the force on the electrons, which doubles their average drift velocity....
State which sinusoid is leading. | Electrical Engineering
What is the difference between a radial and a ring main electrical distribution system?
Problem on power 1 | Electrical and Electronics Engineering | Electrical Engineering
What is the primary function of a circuit breaker in an electrical system? Answer : It Cuts the power off in any fault in the circuit such as overloading to protect appliances....
Explain how technical losses can be reduced by use of energy | Electrical Engineering
What is the purpose of a substation in an electrical power grid?
Diagram of the Earth | Electrical Engineering
Why is accurately estimating Indirect Costs (Overhead) and Profit just as critical as correctly calculating the direct costs of labor and material when submitting a competitive and sustainable electrical bid? Answer : This question gets to the heart of what separates a working electrician from a successful electrical contractor. While getting the direct costs right determines the *cost* of a job, getting ... reward the risk involved. All three are indispensable pillars of a successful electrical contracting bid....
Current (I)
How does an operational amplifier (Op-Amp) work as an inverting amplifier?
Mesh Analysis | Electric Circuits | Problem 3.42 | Electrical Engineering
What is Electrical Energy? Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=871227879234093968 --- # Understanding Electrical Energy: The Complete Guide to Formulas (E=P t) and Calculations ... in joules, they would show consumption in the millions or billions, which would be confusing for consumers....
How to Find Load Voltage using KCL | Electrical Engineering
What is Electromotive Force (EMF)? How is it different from potential difference? Answer : ### The Water Pump Analogy Imagine a water circuit with a pump and a water wheel. * **The Pump:** The pump does work on the water, lifting it up and giving it potential energy. It's the ... from a battery if you draw no current from it. The moment you use it, the terminal voltage drops slightly....
Generation of 3-phase voltage system (HINDI) | Electrical Engineering
List three passive design strategies for improving energy efficiency in a building.
Superposition Theorem Problems | Multiple Solved Examples | Electrical Engineering
How are Fourier series used to analyze non-sinusoidal waveforms in electrical circuits?
Hindi : Find the z parameters of the two-port network in Fig. | Z parameter example
In the context of green building and energy conservation, what is the fundamental difference between R-Value and U-Value, and why is one typically used for individual materials like insulation, while the other is used for complex assemblies like windows? Answer : The fundamental difference is that they are mathematical reciprocals of each other, measuring opposite things: **R-Value measures resistance to heat flow**, while **U-Value measures the rate ... envelope that conserves energy by keeping heat inside during the winter and outside during the summer....
Basic Circuit Elements Symbols | Electrical Engineering
Define emf. of a cell? On what factors does it depend? Answer : ### Definition of EMF (Electromotive Force) The **EMF (Electromotive Force)** of a cell is defined as the maximum potential difference between its two terminals when no current is being drawn ... *, not its EMF. A larger distance increases the path ions must travel, increasing internal resistance....
Biotechnology MCQs | Electrical Engineering
What does a wattmeter measure? Answer : ### In Simple Terms A wattmeter measures **electrical power**. Think of it like this: * **Voltage** (measured by a voltmeter) is like the *pressure* of water in a pipe. * **Current** (measured ... potential or "pressure." | | **Ammeter** | Amps (A) | Measures electrical current or "flow." |...
Some SI Derived Units | Electrical Engineering
Write a Python script to print all even numbers from 1 to 20.
LinearTime Invariant (LTI) System | Electrical and Electronics Engineering | Electrical Engineering
A low voltage supply from which one needs high currents must have very low internal resistance. Why? Answer : ### The Simple Analogy: A Water Pipe Imagine your power supply is a large water tank (representing the voltage) and you need to get a high flow of water (high current) out of a pipe at ... extremely small, this will generate a massive amount of heat, which can damage or destroy the power supply....
Series and Parallel Resistors : For the circuit in Fig io =2 A Calculate ix and the total power di
With a neat diagram explain solar photovoltaic power plant. Answer : Diagram of solar photovoltaic power plant : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=4390643679587391452 Explanation: Solar power plant consists of following components: 1. ... 5. Step-up transformer: It step-up input voltage to utilization voltage e.g. 230V ...
Statically induced emf | Electrical Engineering
With a neat diagram explain medium head hydro-electric power plants. Answer : ### **Medium-Head Hydro-Electric Power Plant** A medium-head hydro-electric power plant operates with a "head" (the vertical distance the water falls) typically ranging from **30 meters to 300 meters* ... **Tailrace:** The channel that carries water away from the powerhouse and back to the river....
Mesh analysis 17 | Electrical Engineering
Explain Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG) and also draw a diagram. Answer : ![][1] [1]: https://electrical-engineering.app/?qa=blob&qa_blobid=15646281222121025403 Explanation (Operation):- In this system gearbox is used to increase the speed of high speed ... , variable voltage output of the generator into the fixed frequency, fixed voltage output required for grid....
What should be the value of R for which a current of 25 A will | AC Series Parallel Circuits Example
Draw a block diagram of thermal power plant.
Source Transformation Problem | Electrical Engineering
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